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:''Not to be confused with ''Torpedo sinuspersici'', also known as the marbled electric ray.'' The marbled electric ray (''Torpedo marmorata'') is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the North Sea to South Africa. This benthic fish inhabits rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sandy and muddy flats in shallow to moderately deep waters. It can survive in environments with very little dissolved oxygen, such as tidal pools. The marbled electric ray has a nearly circular pectoral fin disc and a muscular tail that bears two dorsal fins of nearly equal size and a large caudal fin. It can be identified by the long, finger-like projections on the rims of its spiracles, as well as by its dark brown mottled color pattern, though some individuals are plain-colored. Males and females typically reach and long respectively. Nocturnal and solitary, the marbled electric ray can often be found lying the sea floor buried except for its eyes and spiracles. This slow-moving predator feeds almost exclusively on small bony fishes, which it ambushes from the bottom and subdues with strong electric bursts. It defends itself by turning towards the threat, swimming in a loop, or curling up with its underside facing outward, while emitting electric shocks to drive off the prospective predator. Its paired electric organs are capable of producing 70–80 volts of electricity. This species is aplacental viviparous, with the developing embryos sustained by yolk and histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Mating takes place from November to January, and females bear litters of 3–32 pups every other year after a gestation period of 9–12 months. The newborn ray is immediately capable of using electricity to hunt. The electric shock delivered by a marbled electric ray can be severe but is not directly life-threatening. Its electrogenic properties have been known since classical antiquity, when live rays were used to treat conditions such as chronic headaches. This and other electric ray species are used as model organisms in biomedical research. Various coastal demersal fisheries take the marbled electric ray as bycatch; captured rays are usually discarded as they have little commercial value. The impact of fishing on its population is uncertain, and thus International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this ray under Data Deficient. In the Mediterranean Sea, it remains the most common electric ray and in some areas may be increasing in number. ==Taxonomy== French naturalist Antoine Risso described the marbled electric ray as ''Torpedo marmorata'' in his 1810 ''Ichtyologie de Nice, ou histoire naturelle des poissons du département des Alpes maritimes'' (''Ichthyology of Nice, or natural history of fishes in the Alpes-Maritimes''). The specific epithet ''marmorata'' means "marbled" in Latin, and refers to the ray's color pattern.〔 Because no type specimens are known, in 1999 Ronald Fricke designated Risso's original illustration as the species lectotype.〔 Within the genus ''Torpedo'', the marbled electric ray belongs to the subgenus ''Torpedo'', which differs from the other subgenus ''Tetronarce'' in having fringed margins on their spiracles and generally ornate dorsal coloration.〔 Other common names for this species include common crampfish, marbled torpedo, numbfish, and spotted torpedo.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Marbled electric ray」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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